---
title: Criminalization of Pregnancy Has Already Been Happening
date: 2025-03-10T18:02:00-04:00
author: Jonese Austin
canonical_url: "https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/criminalization-of-pregnancy"
section: Resources
---
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[Health & Sexuality Info](/health-info)# Criminalization of Pregnancy Has Already Been Happening

How do abortion bans criminalize pregnant people?

According to Pregnancy Justice (formerly known as the National Advocates for Pregnant Women), pregnant women have been charged, arrested, or detailed more than 1,700 times since 1973. This article by Sandhya Dirks discusses the laws and policies that criminalize pregnant people.

The policing of pregnant women of color first intensified in the 1980s and 1990s. During the war on drugs, pregnant Black women were reported to law enforcement and social services ten times more often than white women. In South Carolina in 1989, for instance, police used non-consensual drug test results to arrest twenty-nine Black women for child abuse.

“Feticide” laws make it a crime to harm a fetus at any stage of a pregnancy. These laws have not fulfilled their initial justification: protecting pregnant women from domestic violence. They declare attempted suicide and other actions illegal only in the case of pregnancy. They cast suspicion on natural miscarriages and still births. With no medical way to tell self-managed abortion apart from miscarriage, feticide laws lead to prosecutions of women for pregnancy loss.

The risks of surveillance and criminalization have grown ever greater, with the rise of mass incarceration and the overturning of Roe v Wade. Abortion bans give police more power to monitor and punish pregnant bodies.

> It's going to be poor people, people of color, young people. Anyone who is experiencing a mental health crisis, anyone who has a substance-use disorder, those are the people that are gonna be most vulnerable to suspicion and the specter of law enforcement when they experience a pregnancy loss.

[Read or listen to the full article ](https://www.npr.org/2022/08/03/1114181472/criminalization-of-pregnancy-has-already-been-happening-to-the-poor-and-women-of)

SOURCE: NPR • AUTHOR: Sandhya Dirks • LAST UPDATED: August 3, 2022

![A woman in a hospital gown cries in a hallway](data:image/png;base64,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) Joseph Kirsch/Adobe Stock

![](/assets/img/monogram.webp)Topics

- [ pregnancy & birth](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/subject-area/pregnancy-birth)
- [ abortion](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/subject-area/abortion)
- [ birth justice](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/themes/birth-justice)
- [ history & politics of abortion](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/themes/history-politics-of-abortion)
- [criminal legal system](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/tags/criminal-legal-system)
- [social justice](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/tags/social-justice)
- [incarceration](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/tags/incarceration)
- [pregnancy](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/tags/pregnancy)
- [miscarriage](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/tags/miscarriage)

![](/assets/img/monogram.webp)### *Why You Can* **Trust Us** 

- We rigorously evaluate all content
- We embrace a reproductive justice framework
- We don’t accept ads or sell products
- We reject funding from the pharmaceutical industry
- We counter misinformation and disinformation
- We address the social, political, and economic factors that affect health and sexuality

[read more](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/why-you-can-trust-us)

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[ResourcesRead

## The History of Abortion Law in the United States

Abortions occur whether they are legal or not, but the right to abortion has been both supported and contested over time. This essay traces key state and federal laws and Supreme Court rulings and their effects throughout U.S. history.

![People standing at a protest on the Minnesota Capitol protesting for abortion access](data:image/png;base64,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)

Abortions occur whether they are legal or not, but the right to abortion has been both supported and contested over time. This essay traces key state and federal laws and Supreme Court rulings and their effects throughout U.S. history.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/u-s-abortion-history)

[ResourcesRead

## Abortion Decriminalization and the Struggle against Policing and Criminalization

This policy brief examines the state surveillance of abortion access and the growing criminalization of pregnant people, parents, and providers.

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This policy brief examines the state surveillance of abortion access and the growing criminalization of pregnant people, parents, and providers.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/abortion-decriminalization-and-the-struggle-against-policing-and-criminalization)

[ResourcesRead

## Race, Gender-based Violence, and Criminalization

This fact sheet by the National Black Women’s Justice Institute discusses gender-based violence and the criminalization of Black women and girls.

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This fact sheet by the National Black Women’s Justice Institute discusses gender-based violence and the criminalization of Black women and girls.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/race-gender-based-violence-and-criminalization)

[ResourcesRead

## A Report on Sexual Violence against Indigenous Women in the US

The Maze of Injustice report examines sexual violence against Indigenous women in the United States and identifies multiple systemic barriers to justice.

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The Maze of Injustice report examines sexual violence against Indigenous women in the United States and identifies multiple systemic barriers to justice.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/a-report-on-sexual-violence-against-indigenous-women-in-the-us)

[ResourcesRead

## A Trauma-Informed Response To Racial Injustice

How can adults help young people discuss injustice safely and meaningfully? This resource explores trauma-informed responses to racial injustice.

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How can adults help young people discuss injustice safely and meaningfully? This resource explores trauma-informed responses to racial injustice.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/a-trauma-informed-response-to-racial-injustice)

[ResourcesRead

## Abortion Rights for Immigrant Survivors

This document outlines what attorneys and advocates need to know as they counsel people who are maneuvering the complex intersection of abortion access, the immigration system, and the criminal legal system.

![asian-woman-behind-gate](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAIAAAD8GO2jAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAFa0lEQVRIiY1WXa8kNxGtL9s9H3fv3WQhQQEhAuQhEv+UZ8QPQwgJeIiiCCRYdJfLvTNtV9XhwT2zs6BEW/JMu93ddcrHVcfm3//utyAgkcjMzIjMBBIgZhYRM7NSaqm1tlJrrbWUamaqKiJEDCAzIsLH6GOM3vvoPrq7R4QBICIQCLdG2/j7WwJAIALR+w4RzwttH8zRiwcAlpkAYYa/TSDmM2YGEUeKRGrmnCWQt4EQX3wRMJmYbb4Pc/crwPQeEVeKNJNAzCISqhGREamamckil6kgN36RiYycLSIiwnofNwCx+UDOGahqxuyKiIqaSoSocBIngYjnGiASGRlbC/dwj4iw9dxBuPDj4RHhmQkCs6iql0wQEbOoqKqoqLLoBGBmAJGZkR7hEe4xRozhY3iE2+l0ngAREe7u7uEZAUBE1KzWmHAiKmIiLmLMwcRQYmYCInMG5h7DYwzv3ccY7m7Pzy8AMtPDfQwfY/iIC0AppTWfdywmYiqm4szCxApiFhAywj3dw0eM7r1776P37sPt6ekZwIx+9N772vvqYwAQ1daW/X5EgCDbDLSIGIsyC8AsAJDxPvYxvPexrn1du49h7x6fALj7GP18Pp9fXk7PL+fTS0aU1g53d68eHjyISEWLajWrpkXULgBCW3zhI8aI3r2v43we67n30e1fbx8zMfo4n05Pj0//+O7vj/RMF9uTffmrrzJEpZbSSmmlDDNXdWElpAgAikgfOde2d1/XsZ776bT23u1v374Nz9O703f/eQv6N31oL+R/+Msff8Ottl3b2qjVzUIkiFlSQIjb/Om+dj+fx+nU13W1P33zDdGZaND321///M+7+/vDse/XMbqPEaWEWjInhECIyPCc67xhrON8GudzF6KnH/ZORC/07dO783qaeRHhEbNWM6eyZGCW2P9j2A+7vtrzu9FHzAqJKQmJzCltdLnNieSe7jlG9B4fC+AdSErc6uumsjcyTADmO5nIpAzIRwLUfREVEWZmJv6fp7jpMxETM7Mwi8hHAvzk7mGptZiZit4iMRHNzjRhuaiiFSvVPoqin7367P7hsNu3WksppqqiKiIiLMIAQaZrVhU1saK1lNYKIY3oSDSI1u/z/nn5+qe//uT+9eFw2C1LrdVKMdMNhYXn5qQiqmqqxazW4kvJbKJsv/zsF5nZX/z5eX2kF6JHok5ERMsd/fiLn3/65vPXn3z6cH9/PBx2u11rbWKomarJlGsiABohk5YWJaMSwYrYF1++mWoaHj7cPTJTmEsty245HPeHu8Pd3fF4PB6O+91+aUudRJWiosrEAJgIyJIaoRElMwgpyj7U3vzogYgS2648t25mNrNSy9KWZbfb7+dvt9sty1JrK7WYmokIEwFgnj6sZgJJFMxQY3ezh9evZqZdTxLMxCxqWqzUWltrbWnLsrS2tNZaa1v8qsI8v2QhYgUlwYiSOEXYTCLCXt0fP0hm3o5DqvNAVGottbZa6/wvpVgxUxMVngAJzlka8wiTzFBhM8lMOx4PszpoS2kWZtG5XU6ID8ys6Mwhls1r5hWAZxMSZXPNTDscdlsFTmqYmUVVRNXUNhAr8zJH5pluhk+gFOZkJhArMYjBQioSFsi0ZbfwBYAnO3w9PJipqtnEUVNVUxERnYHMBZCkYCJSYmICM4Q5hDMlM21p9TZ+YZGpBrrZdKy2YcqsYN7kCEDypBdMIFJiMJMIZ0YCVkoh3uSJZbNbgKttT2Qu0/ROswguSQIlECkTJXMmAzAzuwKIbPxPjja/m3NVkUngVU+nRCexEBMYwoBMBScmZgJgonJJn00KN7nUrU3S32sb85WfGTjfmDBDWEiIABIA/wVqgKP/oyqrDAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)

This document outlines what attorneys and advocates need to know as they counsel people who are maneuvering the complex intersection of abortion access, the immigration system, and the criminal legal system.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/abortion-rights-for-immigrant-survivors)

[Stories & ConversationsRead

## “I’ve got bad news for you”

A woman shares her emotions and struggles after learning that one of the twins that she was pregnant with had died.

![A sad pregnant woman in front of a dark curtain](data:image/png;base64,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)

A woman shares her emotions and struggles after learning that one of the twins that she was pregnant with had died.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/stories-conversations/my-story-pregnancy-loss-ive-got-bad-news-for-you)

[ResourcesRead

## Taking Back Power: Annie Faces an NDA

This comic strip explores a scenario in which a woman is asked to sign an NDA after reporting her supervisor for sexual harassment.

![A cartoon drawing of a woman of color with the words: "You Are Not Alone" in a speech bubble](data:image/png;base64,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)

This comic strip explores a scenario in which a woman is asked to sign an NDA after reporting her supervisor for sexual harassment.](https://ourbodiesourselves.org/health-info/taking-back-power)